SOME CHARACTERISTICS
of emotion, he adds, It innately determined; In the civilised adult it lies buried beneath the acquired habits of propositionenal
language.
A little later, in 1873, Darwin put forward the tame Idea in another form, with emphasis upon tha innate character of the expression of emotion and an attempt to trace its evolution. Acknowledging Ms debt (EE 86) to Spencer's essay for the special notion that speech arises as a form of expression, ha adds that the general theory of innate expression had been suggested several times in the course of the century, since the publication of Belt's work, The Anatomy of Expression, In 1806. Bell had maintained that there was an Innate connection between those muscular movements, which we call ex preserve, and the changes of respiration which characterise an emotional state (AE 83). Darwin extended the notion, to include a wider range of bodily reactions; for instance, when a creature is in pain, glandular and muscular activity occurs* which shows itself as the movements and gestures expressive of pain; this characteristic activity is to be regarded as innate.
Darwin's view is the foundation of the modern view of expression. Among the physiologists, for instance, we find Cannon, a recognised authority on the nature of bodily change in affective states, accepting Darwin's account of expressive movements and two out of three principles explaining their origin (BC 43). Among the psychologists, Darwin's view has been adopted, in the essentials, by all the divergent schools alike—by McDougall, by the Gestalt School, by the psychoanalysts, by the Reflexologists and by the Behaviorists.1
We may then take these two points as fully accepted, first that fully-fledged adult language is emotive, secondly that affective states of the individual find innate forms of expression, some of which are vocal. The question which now arises is whether there is any connection between the emotive use fully-fledged language and these innate forms of vocal expression.
Buhler's answer is definitely, None. Not only is Kmmdgabe in adult language something more than mere Ausdruck, but in